Classification, Characteristics, and Equipment Used in Forging
Release Date:
2026-03-12
Forging is a manufacturing process that uses forging presses to apply pressure to metal billets, inducing plastic deformation to produce forged parts with specified mechanical properties, shapes, and dimensions; it is one of the two principal components of forging and stamping.
Forging is a manufacturing process that uses forging presses to apply pressure to metal blanks, inducing plastic deformation to produce forged parts with specified mechanical properties, shapes, and dimensions; it is one of the two principal components of forging and stamping.
Forging eliminates casting-related defects such as porosity that arise during the smelting process, refines the microstructure, and preserves the metal’s flow lines, resulting in forgings that generally exhibit superior mechanical properties compared with castings made from the same material. For critical components in machinery subjected to high loads and severe operating conditions, forgings are typically used, except for those with relatively simple shapes, which may be manufactured from rolled plates, structural sections, or welded assemblies.
According to the forming mechanism, forging can be classified into free forging, die forging, ring rolling, and special forging.
Characteristics of free forging:
Improving the microstructure and enhancing mechanical properties. Forging breaks down the coarse-grained internal structure of the metal, compacts porosity, shrinkage cavities, and cracks, thereby increasing density. Moreover, the fibrous flow lines of the metal are properly aligned across the forging cross-section, which further enhances its mechanical performance.
Low cost and reasonable economic viability. Forging and pressing equipment and tools exhibit excellent versatility, short production preparation cycles, and ease of product changeover.
Flexible processes with strong adaptability.
The forging has low dimensional accuracy.
Free forging is primarily used for the production of single-piece and small-batch forgings with relatively simple shapes and modest dimensional accuracy requirements, as well as certain large-scale forgings.
Equipment for free forging:
Air hammers have a simple structure, are easy to operate, and are convenient to maintain, but their impact force is relatively small.
A hydraulic press uses static pressure to induce plastic deformation in the workpiece. It operates smoothly, generates low noise, and provides favorable working conditions, while also delivering high pressing forces. However, such equipment is bulky, structurally complex, and expensive.
Neither type of equipment is prone to overload damage; however, if the equipment capacity is undersized, the forging may fail to achieve full penetration, resulting in low productivity. Conversely, if the equipment capacity is oversized, it leads to unnecessary waste of labor and financial resources.
The selection of forging equipment is primarily influenced by factors such as the deformation area, the material of the forging, and the forging temperature.
Can be used for upsetting, drawing, punching, reaming, bending, and offsetting, among other operations.
Determination of the initial forging temperature: Provided that no heating defects such as overheating or burnout occur, the initial forging temperature should be raised as much as possible to ensure good forgeability of the metal. The initial forging temperature is generally maintained 150–250°C below the solidus line.
Forging is classified into open-die forging and closed-die forging.
Definition of die forging: Die forging is a forging process in which a heated billet is placed in a die that is securely mounted on die-forging equipment. It is the primary manufacturing method for producing forgings with the desired shape and dimensions by using specialized forging dies.
The characteristic of die forging is that, under the action of a forging press, the billet is forced to undergo plastic flow and take shape within the die cavity, thereby producing forgings of superior quality compared with free forging.
Keywords: Chengyu Forging, Heat Treatment
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